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BP402T. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I (Theory)

Categories: 4th Semester
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About Course

Scope: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure,
chemistry and therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activity
relationships of drugs, importance of physicochemical properties and metabolism of
drugs. The syllabus also emphasizes on chemical synthesis of important drugs under each
class.
Objectives: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
1. understand the chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity
2. understand the drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic value of
drugs
3. know the Structural Activity Relationship (SAR) of different class of drugs
4. write the chemical synthesis of some drugs
Course Content:
Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of
action, uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective
class of drugs as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)

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Course Content

UNIT I – Hours Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry History and development of medicinal chemistry Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.

Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism principles- Phase I and Phase II. Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereo chemical aspects.

UNIT- II Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System Adrenergic Neurotransmitters
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine. Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution

Sympathomimetic agents: SAR of Sympathomimetic agents
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline and Xylometazoline. Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine. Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol

Adrenergic Antagonists: Alpha adrenergic blockers
Tolazoline*, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin, Dihydroergotamine, Methysergide

Beta adrenergic blockers
SAR of beta blockers, Propranolol*, Metibranolol, Atenolol, Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol, Labetolol, Carvedilol.

UNIT-III Cholinergic neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine. Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.

Parasympathomimetic agents: SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents Direct acting agents
Acetylcholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol, Methacholine, Pilocarpine

Indirect acting/ Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible)
Physostigmine, Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride, Tacrine hydrochloride, Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate iodide, Parathione, Malathion

Cholinesterase reactivator
Pralidoxime chloride.

Cholinergic Blocking agents: SAR of cholinolytic agents Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues
Atropine sulphate, Hyoscyamine sulphate, Scopolamine hydrobromide, Homatropine hydrobromide, Ipratropium bromide

Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents
Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, Clidinium bromide, Dicyclomine hydrochloride*, Glycopyrrolate, Methantheline bromide, Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide, Ethopropazine hydrochloride

UNIT IV – Drugs acting on Central Nervous System A. Sedatives and Hypnotics: Benzodiazepines
SAR of Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*, Oxazepam, Chlorazepate, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem

Barbiturtes
SAR of barbiturates, Barbital*, Phenobarbital, Mephobarbital, Amobarbital, Butabarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital

Miscelleneous
Amides & imides: Glutethmide. Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate, Ethchlorvynol. Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde

B. Antipsychotics Phenothiazeines
SAR of Phenothiazeines - Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride

Ring Analogues of Phenothiazeines
Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate, Clozapine.

Fluro buterophenones
Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone

Beta amino ketones
Molindone hydrochloride

Benzamides
Sulpieride

C. Anticonvulsants: SAR of Anticonvulsants, mechanism of anticonvulsant action Barbiturates
Phenobarbitone, Methabarbital. Hydantoins: Phenytoin*, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin Oxazolidine diones: Trimethadione, Paramethadione Succinimides: Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide

Urea and monoacylureas
Phenacemide, Carbamazepine

Benzodiazepines
Clonazepam

Miscellaneous
Primidone, Valproic acid , Gabapentin, Felbamate

UNIT – V 07 Hours Drugs acting on Central Nervous System General anesthetics: Inhalation anesthetics
Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane

Ultra short acting barbitutrates
Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylal sodium, Thiopental sodium

Dissociative anesthetics
Ketamine hydrochloride

Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics Morphine and related drugs
SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine, Meperidine hydrochloride, Anilerdine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*, Methadone hydrochloride*, Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartarate

Narcotic antagonists
Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartarate, Naloxone hydrochloride

Anti-inflammatory agents
Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*, Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepriac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone

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